NAME
MoarVM::Bytecode - Provide introspection into MoarVM bytecode
SYNOPSIS
use MoarVM::Bytecode;
my $M = MoarVM::Bytecode.new($filename); # or letter or IO or Blob
say $M.hll-name; # most likely "Raku"
say $M.strings[99]; # the 100th string on the string heap
DESCRIPTION
MoarVM::Bytecode provides an object oriented interface to the MoarVM bytecode format, based on the information provided in docs/bytecode.markdown.
CLASS METHODS
new
my $M = MoarVM::Bytecode.new("c"); # the 6.c setting
my $M = MoarVM::Bytecode.new("foo/bar"); # file as string
my $M = MoarVM::Bytecode.new($filename.IO); # path as IO object
my $M = MoarVM::Bytecode.new($buf); # a Buf object
Create an instance of the MoarVM::Bytecode object from a letter (assumed to be a Raku version letter such as "c", "d" or "e"), a filename, an IO::Path or a Buf/Blob object.
files
.say for MoarVM::Bytecode.files;
.say for MoarVM::Bytecode.files(:instantiate);
Returns a sorted list of paths of MoarVM bytecode files that could be found in the installation of the currently running rakudo executable.
Optionally accepts a :instantiate named argument to return a sorted list of instantiated MoarVM::Bytecode objects instead of just paths.
root
my $rootdir = MoarVM::Bytecode.rootdir;
Returns an IO::Path of the root directory of the installation of the currently running rakudo executable.
setting
my $setting = MoarVM::Bytecode.setting;
my $setting = MoarVM::Bytecode.setting("d");
Returns an IO::Path of the bytecode file of the given setting letter. Assumes the currently lowest supported setting by default.
HELPER SCRIPTS
bceval
$ bceval c '.strings.grep(*.contains("zip"))'
&zip
zip
zip-latest
Helper script to allow simple actions on a MoarVM::Bytecode object from the command line. The first argument indicates the bytecode file to load. The second argument indicates the code to be executed.
The topic $_ is set with the MoarVM::Bytecode object upon entry.
bcinfo
$ bcinfo --help
Usage:
bin/bcinfo <file> [--filename=<Str>] [--name=<Str>] [--opcode=<Str>] [--header] [--decomp] [--hexdump] [--verbose]
<file> filename of bytecode, or setting letter
--filename=<Str> select frames with given filename
--name=<Str> select frames with given name
--opcode=<Str> select frames containing opcode
--header show header information
--decomp de-compile file / selected frames
--hexdump show hexdump of selected frames
--verbose be verbose when possible
Produces various types of information about the given bytecode file.
csites
$ csites c 12
12 $, $, N
Helper code to show the callsite info of the given callsite number.
opinfo
$ opinfo if_i unless_i
24 if_i r(int64),ins (8 bytes)
25 unless_i r(int64),ins (8 bytes)
$ opinfo 42 666
42 bindlex_nn str,r(num64) (8 bytes)
666 atpos2d_s w(str),r(obj),r(int64),r(int64) (10 bytes)
Helper script to show the gist of the given op name(s) or number(s).
sheap
$ sheap e 3 4 5
3 SETTING::src/core.e/core_prologue.rakumod
4 language_revision_type
5 lang-meth-call
$ sheap e byte
42 byte
2844 bytecode-size
Helper script for browsing the string heap of a given bytecode file (specified by either a setting letter, or a filename of a bytecode file).
String arguments are interpreted as a key to do a .grep on the whole string heap. Numerical arguments are interpreted as indices into the string heap.
Shown are the string index and the string.
INSTANCE METHODS
callsites
.say for $M.callsites[^10]; # show the first 10 callsites
Returns a list of Callsite objects, which contains information about the arguments at a given callsite.
de-compile
Returns a string with the opcodes and their arguments.
extension-ops
.say for $M.extension-ops; # show all extension ops
Returns a list of NQP extension operators that have been added to this bytecode. Each element consists of an ExtensionOp object.
frames
.say for $M.frames[^10]; # show the first 10 frames on the frame heap
my @frames := $M.frames.reify-all;
Returns a Frames object that serves as a Positional for all of the frames on the frame heap. Since the reification of a Frame object is rather expensive, this is done lazily on each access.
To reify all Frame objects at once, one can call the reify-all method, which also returns a list of the reified Frame objects.
hll-name
say $M.hll-name; # most likely "Raku"
Returns the HLL language name for this bytecode. Most likely "Raku", or "nqp".
op
say $M.op(0x102); # 102 istype w(int64),r(obj),r(obj)
say $M.op("istype"); # 102 istype w(int64),r(obj),r(obj)
Attempt to create an opcode object for the given name or opcode number. Also includes any extension ops that may be defined in the bytecode itself.
opcodes
A Buf with the actual opcodes.
sc-dependencies
.say for $M.sc-dependencies; # identifiers for Serialization Context
Returns a list of strings of the Serialization Contexts on which this bytecode depends.
strings
.say for $M.strings[^10]; # The first 10 strings on the string heap
Returns a Strings object that serves as a Positional for all of the strings on the string heap.
version
say $M.version; # most likely 7
Returns the numeric version of this bytecode. Most likely "7".
PRIMITIVES
bytecode
my $b = $M.bytecode;
Returns the Buf with the bytecode.
hexdump
say $M.hexdump($M.string-heap-offset); # defaults to 256
say $M.hexdump($M.string-heap-offset, 1024);
Returns a hexdump representation of the bytecode from the given byte offset for the given number of bytes (256 by default).
slice
dd $M.slice(0, 8).chrs; # "MOARVM\r\n"
Returns a List of unsigned 32-bit integers from the given offset and number of bytes. Basically a shortcut for $M,bytecode[$offset ..^ $offset + $bytes]. The number of bytes defaults to 256 if not specified.
str
say $M.str(76); # Raku or nqp
Returns the string of which the index is the given offset.
subbuf
dd $M.subbuf(0, 8).decode; # "MOARVM\r\n"
Calls subbuf on the bytecode and returns the result. Basically a shortcut for $M.bytecode.subbuf(...).
uint16
my $i = $M.uint16($offset);
Returns the unsigned 16-bit integer value at the given offset in the bytecode.
uint16s
my @values := = $M.uint16s($M.string-heap-offset); # 16 entries
my @values := $M.uint16s($M.string-heap-offset, $entries);
Returns an unsigned 16-bit integer array for the given number of entries at the given offset in the bytecode. The number of entries defaults to 16 if not specified.
uint32
my $i = $M.uint32($offset);
Returns the unsigned 32-bit integer value at the given offset in the bytecode.
uint32s
my @values := = $M.uint32s($offset); # 16 entries
my @values := $M.uint32s($offset, $entries);
Returns an unsigned 32-bit integer array for the given number of entries at the given offset in the bytecode. The number of entries defaults to 16 if not specified.
The following methods provide shortcuts to the values in the bytecode header. They are explained in the MoarVM documentation.
sc-dependencies-offset, sc-dependencies-entries, extension-ops-offset, extension-ops-entries, frames-data-offset, frames-data-entries, callsites-data-offset, callsites-data-entries, string-heap-offset, string-heap-entries, sc-data-offset, sc-data-length, opcodes-offset, opcodes-length, annotation-data-offset, annotation-data-length, main-entry-frame-index, library-load-frame-index, deserialization-frame-index
SUBCLASSES
Instances of these classes are usually created automatically.
Argument
The Argument class provides these methods:
flags
The raw 8-bit bitmap of flags. The following bits have been defined:
1 - object
2 - native integer, signed
4 - native floating point number
8 - native NFG string (MVMString REPR)
16 - literal
32 - named argument
64 - flattened argument
128 - native integer, unsigned
is-flattened
Returns 1 if the argument is flattened, else 0.
is-literal
Returns 1 if the argument is a literal value, else 0.
name
The name of the argument if it is a named argument, else the empty string.
type
The type of the argument: possible values are Mu (indicating a HLL object of some kind), or any of the basic native types: str, int, uint or num.
Callsite
The Callsite class provides these methods:
arguments
The list of Argument objects for this callsite, if any.
bytes
The number of bytes this callsite needs.
ExtensionOp
The ExtensionOp class provides these methods:
adverbs
Always an empty Map.
annotation
Always the empty string.
bytes
The number of bytes this opcode uses.
name
The name with which the extension op can be called.
descriptor
An 8-byte Buf with descriptor information.
is-sequence
Always False.
Frame
The Frame class provides these methods:
is-inlineable
Return Bool whether the current frame is considered to be inlineable.
cuuid
A string representing the compilation unit ID.
de-compile
Returns a string with the opcodes and their arguments of this frame.
flags
A 16-bit unsigned integer bitmap with flags of this frame.
handlers
A list of Handler objects, representing the handlers in this frame.
has-exit-handler
1 if this frame has an exit handler, otherwise 0.
hexdump
Return a hexdump of the opcodes of this frame. Optionally takes a named argument :highlight which will highlight the bytes of the actual opcodes (excluding any argument bytes following them).
index
A 16-bit unsigned integer indicating the frame index of this frame.
is-thunk
1 if this frame is a thunk (as opposed to a real scope), otherwise 0.
lexicals
A list of Lexical objects, representing the lexicals in this frame.
locals
A list of Local objects, representing the locals in this frame.
name
The name of this frame, if any.
no-outer
1 if this frame has no outer, otherwise 0.
opcodes
A Buf with the actual bytecode of this frame.
outer-index
A 16-bit unsigned integer indicating the frame index of the outer frame.
sc-dependency-index
A 32-bit unsigned integer index into
sc-object-index
A 32-bit unsigned integer index into
statements
A list of Statement objects for this frame, may be empty.
Handler
start-protected-region
end-protected-region
category-mask
action
register-with-block
handler-goto
Lexical
name
The name of this lexical, if any.
type
The type of this lexical.
flags
A 16-bit unsigned integer bitmap for this lexical.
sc-dependency-index
Index of into the sc-dependencies list.
sc-object-index
Index of into the sc-dependencies list.
Local
name
The name of this local, if any.
type
The type of this local.
Statement
line
The line number of this statement.
offset
The opcode offset of this statement.
Op
all-adverbs
Return a List of all possible adverbs.
all-ops
Return a List of all possible ops.
annotation
The annotation of this operation. Currently recognized annotations are:
dispatch
jump
parameter
return
spesh
Absence of annotation if indicated by the empty string. See also is-sequence.
adverbs
A Map of additional adverb strings.
bytes
my $bytes := $op.bytes($frame, $offset);
The number of bytes this op occupies in memory. Returns 0 if the op has a variable size.
Some ops have a variable size depending on the callsite in the frame it is residing. For those cases, one can call the bytes method with the Frame object and the offset in the opcodes of that frame to obtain the number of bytes for that instance.
index
The numerical index of this operation.
is-sequence
True if this op is the start of a sequence of ops that share the same annotation.
name
The name of this operation.
new
my $op = MoarVM::Op.new(0);
my $op = MoarVM::Op.new("no_op");
Return an instantiated MoarVM::Op object from the given name or opcode number.
not-inlineable
Returns True if the op causes the frame to which it belongs to be not inlineable. Otherwise returns False.
operands
A List of operands, if any.
AUTHOR
Elizabeth Mattijsen liz@raku.rocks
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 2024 Elizabeth Mattijsen
Source can be located at: https://github.com/lizmat/MoarVM-Bytecode . Comments and Pull Requests are welcome.
If you like this module, or what I’m doing more generally, committing to a small sponsorship would mean a great deal to me!
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the Artistic License 2.0.